Eles, os juízes

O exercício democrático da atividade jurisdicional impõe a motivação das decisões emanadas do Poder Judiciário, uma das faces do poder estatal. Assim, a fundamental necessidade de motivação dos atos judiciais decisórios, como a sentença, contribuiu para a elevação dessa garantia à categoria de princípio constitucional fundamental, incidente sobre o âmbito do processo civil e com repercussões sobre todo o plano do sistema jurídico. Contudo, igualmente necessária é a extração dos significantes a respeito do referido imperativo, assim como o estabelecimento de critérios para a adequada e racional fundamentação das decisões judiciais. Nesse sentido, deve a fundamentação observar os requisitos da racionalidade, coerência e razoabilidade. À admissão de tais condicionantes acrescenta-se breve análise sobre o respeito aos precedentes como forma de conferir legitimidade à decisão, bem como de realizar a segurança jurídica, a previsibilidade e a igualdade na aplicação do direito, ideais fundamentais ao Estado democrático de direito

Jet dispensing of multi-layered films for the co-delivery of three antihypertensive agents

Three-layer thin films comprising of two polymers as substrate (ethyl cellulose and, copovidone K28) and three antihypertensive agents (hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride HCl, and carvedilol) were printed using jet dispensing technology. Two film formulations with different ethyl cellulose to copovidone K28 ratio (i.e., 90/10 and 50/50 w/w) were prepared using a three-course dispensing. The films were characterized regarding surface morphology, solid-state properties, polymer-drug interactions, drug distribution in each layer, and in vitro drug release. All the components of the films were found to be in the amorphous state apart from hydrochlorothiazide which retained its crystallinity. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed hydrogen bond interactions between carvedilol and copovidone K28. Combinations of ethyl cellulose and copovidone K28 provide suitable polymeric film substrates with the ability to modify drug release. Particularly, decreased ethyl cellulose to copovidone K28 weight ratio was found to suppress the crystallization of hydrochlorothiazide and to increase the release rate of the dispensed drugs. Jet dispensing was found to be a rapid technology for the preparation of multi-layered films that can be used as personalized formulations for the delivery of combinations of drugs

Comparability of Raman Spectroscopic Configurations: A Large Scale Cross-Laboratory Study

This is the final version. Available on open access from the American Chemical Society via the DOI in this recordThe variable configuration of Raman spectroscopic platforms is one of the major obstacles in establishing Raman spectroscopy as a valuable physicochemical method within real-world scenarios such as clinical diagnostics. For such real world applications like diagnostic classification, the models should ideally be usable to predict data from different setups. Whether it is done by training a rugged model with data from many setups or by a primary-replica strategy where models are developed on a 'primary' setup and the test data are generated on 'replicate' setups, this is only possible if the Raman spectra from different setups are consistent, reproducible, and comparable. However, Raman spectra can be highly sensitive to the measurement conditions, and they change from setup to setup even if the same samples are measured. Although increasingly recognized as an issue, the dependence of the Raman spectra on the instrumental configuration is far from being fully understood and great effort is needed to address the resulting spectral variations and to correct for them. To make the severity of the situation clear, we present a round robin experiment investigating the comparability of 35 Raman spectroscopic devices with different configurations in 15 institutes within seven European countries from the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) action Raman4clinics. The experiment was developed in a fashion that allows various instrumental configurations ranging from highly confocal setups to fibre-optic based systems with different excitation wavelengths. We illustrate the spectral variations caused by the instrumental configurations from the perspectives of peak shifts, intensity variations, peak widths, and noise levels. We conclude this contribution with recommendations that may help to improve the inter-laboratory studies.COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyNational Research Fund of Luxembourg (FNR)China Scholarship Council (CSC)BOKU Core Facilities Multiscale ImagingDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation